Article

Introduction

According to the World Health Organization, climate change is the single biggest challenge and health threat facing humanity (1), but there is no doubt it also can and will affect the well-being of our pets. As temperatures rise and extreme weather events become more frequent, the implications for pet health and nutrition are profound. This article briefly explores the impact of climate change on pets, and emphasizes the role veterinarians have in addressing these challenges.

The effects of climate change

Increased heat stress and vector-borne diseases

As global temperatures rise, animals are increasingly vulnerable to heat stress. Heatwaves can cause pets to suffer from heat exhaustion and heatstroke, leading to severe health complications (1,2). Certain brachycephalic breeds – for example, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and Bulldogs – are more likely to experience heat-related illnesses during the summer months as their shortened skull and narrowed nares impairs their ability to breathe efficiently at high temperatures (Figure 1) (3). Additionally, older dogs and puppies can also be at risk, as they may not be able to regulate body temperature as effectively.

Moreover, climate change is altering the distribution of parasites and vectors such as ticks and mosquitoes, which can transmit diseases to pets. Warmer temperatures and changing precipitation patterns have expanded the habitats of these vectors, increasing the potential for problems such as Lyme disease and heartworm (Figure 2) (3-5). For instance, regions that previously had low incidences of tick-borne diseases are now reporting a higher level of cases, particularly in areas such as the northeastern United States, where warmer winters have allowed ticks to survive and reproduce more effectively (6).

It can also be postulated that owners with limited incomes may face additional challenges in managing these risks, as they could lack access to veterinary care, preventive medications, or resources to keep their pets cool during extreme heat events.

Behavioral changes and food security

Behavioral changes in pets can also arise from climate-related stressors. Increased anxiety and stress levels can occur during extreme weather events such as wildfires or floods, which may displace pets and their owners (Figure 3). Veterinarians need to be aware that these can lead to behavioral problems, in order to provide appropriate support and interventions (7); for example, pets may exhibit signs of distress – such as excessive barking, hiding, or changes in eating habits – during or after such events.

The impact of climate change extends to food security, with potential decreases in agricultural yields due to extreme weather events. As the global population of cats and dogs continues to rise, the demand for petfoods will increase, potentially leading to resource scarcity (8). Kittens and puppies, with their specific requirements for nutritional support for optimum growth and development, may be particularly affected by fluctuations in food availability and quality. In regions where climate change has led to drought or flooding, the availability of key ingredients for pet foodstuffs may be compromised, resulting in higher prices and reduced supply for pet owners. This scenario emphasizes the need for sustainable agricultural practices that can withstand the challenges posed by climate change.

The role of nutrition in mitigating climate change

Sustainable pet food practices

The manufacture of petfood is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and is responsible for approximately 60% of a pet’s annual emissions (9). To address this, the focus is now on sustainable sourcing and formulation practices. Key strategies include:

1. Ingredient selection: Prioritizing ingredients that have a lower carbon footprint and that are sourced from sustainable agricultural practices. This includes avoiding ingredients linked to deforestation and promoting regenerative agricultural practices that enhance soil health and biodiversity (Figure 4) (10). For instance, sourcing ingredients from farms that utilize regenerative agriculture or organic farming methods can significantly reduce the environmental impact.
2. Waste reduction: Utilizing byproducts from the human food industry in pet food formulations to minimize waste and resource use. By incorporating these byproducts, the petfood industry can reduce its reliance on primary agricultural products, thereby lowering its overall environmental impact (11). This practice will not only help with waste management; it will also provide a cost-effective solution for ingredient sourcing – and from an ethical point of view, it maximizes the value of such animal by-products.
3. High-energy diets: Developing high energy-dense diets that require less food volume, thereby reducing the overall environmental impact. Such diets not only meet the nutritional needs of pets, they also contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions per calorie consumed (11).

Educating pet owners

Veterinarians play a critical role in educating pet owners about the importance of sustainable practices. This includes:

• Promoting responsible feeding: Encouraging owners to avoid overfeeding, which not only impacts pet health but also contributes to a higher carbon footprint. Educating clients about portion control and the benefits of feeding appropriate amounts can help mitigate these issues (12). Providing clear guidelines on feeding practices can empower owners to make better choices for their pets.
• Waste management: Advising on proper disposal and recycling of petfood packaging and other materials. Encouraging the use of biodegradable or recyclable packaging can significantly reduce the environmental impact of pet ownership (13).
• Choosing sustainable products: Guiding owners in selecting pet foods that prioritize sustainability and environmental responsibility. Providing information about brands that focus on sustainable sourcing and production can empower owners to make informed choices (Figure 5).

The role of veterinarians in climate action

Veterinarians are in a unique position to influence their clients and the broader community in matters related to climate change and sustainability. As noted above, by advocating for environmentally friendly feeding practices, veterinarians can help foster a culture of responsibility among pet owners. However, veterinarians can also engage with their communities through educational workshops, seminars and outreach programs focused on sustainability. By collaborating with local organizations and environmental groups, veterinarians can amplify their message and encourage collective action (14); for example, a veterinary practice in California organized a “Pet Wellness and Sustainability Fair“ where local pet owners could attend workshops on topics such as eco-friendly pet products, responsible feeding practices, and the importance of adopting pets from shelters. This event not only educated the owners, but also fostered a sense of community around sustainable practices.

Veterinarians can also contribute to research efforts aimed at better understanding the impacts of climate change on pet health. Engaging in interdisciplinary research can also foster collaboration between veterinary medicine and environmental science. Veterinarians can work closely with pet food manufacturers to advocate for sustainable practices in product development, which can lead to innovations in pet food formulations that prioritize environmental responsibility whilst meeting the nutritional needs of pets. Encouraging manufacturers to explore alternative protein sources (such as insects or plant-based proteins) to secure protein sourcing in the future – whilst developing materials with lower environmental impacts – is also to be advocated (15).

Beyond nutrition, veterinarians can implement climate-smart practices within their own clinics to reduce their carbon footprint (16). This is dealt with in another article in this issue, but it can include energy-efficient lighting, sustainable sourcing of clinic supplies, and low carbon anesthetic practices; for example, Mars Veterinary Health introduced an innovative anesthetic gas capture technology in 2024 to reduce carbon emissions (17).

It is also important to play a role in shaping the next generation of veterinary professionals by encouraging incorporation of sustainability teaching into undergraduate education. The introduction of a curriculum module focused on the impact of climate change on veterinary practice will encourage students to think critically about their future role in addressing climate change (18), and the topic should be included (for example, via online modules or face-to-face meetings), in continuous professional development for practicing veterinarians.

Conclusion

The intersection of climate change and pet health presents significant challenges for veterinarians and pet owners alike. By understanding the impacts of climate change on pets, and then adopting sustainable nutritional practices, we can work towards a healthier future for both our pets and the planet. As the petfood industry continues to evolve, a commitment to sustainability will be essential in mitigating the effects of climate change and ensuring the well-being of our beloved companions.

References

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