Definition and aetiology of canine adverse food reactions

What is the best way to define an adverse food reaction and how does it develop in dogs and cats?

An AFR comprises two types of adverse food reactions: food hypersensitivity (immune-mediated) and food intolerance (non-immune-mediated). Some clinical symptoms affect the skin, leading to the term cutaneous AFR (CAFR). Protein recognition by immune cells is responsible for a mix IgE / non-IgE reaction as soon as food is introduced through the intestinal tract. The cutaneous reaction, occurring later after food introduction, probably involves lymphocytes in a type 4 hypersensitivity response. However, this mechanism is not well understood, and more research is needed.

Why do AFRs occur and what role does nutrition play?

In type 1 hypersensitivity (immediate reaction), the initial cutaneous contact initiates sensitization, leading to immediate skin symptoms. The late response, involving type 4 hypersensitivity, is less obvious. However, the recognition of protein epitopes in the gut is a factor explaining why nutrition plays a determining role in CAFR.

When would you typically suspect this problem?

Based on the etiopathogenesis of cAD and CAFR, the immune system activation appears to be very similar wherever the allergen is entering across an epithelium. Whether the symptoms are the result of an exacerbation of underlying cAD or direct activation of cutaneous lymphocytes, the distinction between cAD and CAFR can only be made after an elimination diet trial. It is only after an elimination diet trial that the distinction can be make.

Which breeds and ages are more at risk?

CAFR can affect dogs and cats of any age, breed or gender. It seems that there is no breed predisposition.

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